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    • Chapter 5: Force and Motion I
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    • Chapter 7: Kinetic Energy and Work
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  • AP Environmental Science
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    • Unit I: Humans and Sustainability: An Overview >
      • Chapter 1: Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability
    • Unit II: Science, Ecological Principles, and Sustainability >
      • Chapter 2: Science, Matter, Energy, and Systems
      • Chapter 3: Ecosystems: What are They and How Do They Work?
      • Chapter 4: Biodiversity and Evolution
      • Chapter 5: Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control
      • Chapter 6: The Human Population and Its Impact
      • Chapter 7: Climate and Biodiversity
      • Chapter 8: Aquatic Biodiversity
    • Unit III: Sustaining Biodiversity >
      • Chapter 9: Sustaining Biodiversity: Saving Species and Ecosystem Services
      • Chapter 10: Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: Saving Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services
      • Chapter 11: Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
    • Unit IV: Sustaining Natural Resources >
      • Chapter 12: Food Production and the Environment
      • Chapter 13: Water Resources
      • Chapter 14: Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
      • Chapter 15: Nonrenewable Energy
      • Chapter 16: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
    • Unit V: Sustaining Environmental Quality >
      • Chapter 17: Environmental Hazards and Human Health
      • Chapter 18: Air Pollution
      • Chapter 19: Climate Disruption
      • Chapter 20: Water Pollution
      • Chapter 21: Solid and Hazardous Waste
      • Chapter 22: Urbanization and Sustainability
    • Unit VI: Sustaining Human Societies >
      • Chapter 23: Economics, Environment, and Sustainability
      • Chapter 24: Politics, Environment, and Sustainability
      • Chapter 25: Environmental Worldviews, Ethics, and Sustainability
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Chapter 23:  Economics, Environment, and Sustainability


Section 1:  How are Economic Systems Related to the Biosphere?

​Concept 23-1:  Ecological economists and most sustainability experts regard human economic systems as subsystems of the biosphere.

Section 2:  How Can We Estimate the Values of Natural Capital, Pollution Control, and Resource Use?

Concept 23-2A:  
Economists have developed several ways to estimate the present and future values of a resource or ecosystem service, and optimum levels of pollution control and resource use.

Concept 23-2B:  Comparing the likely costs and benefits of an environmental action is useful, but it involves many uncertainties.

Section 3:  How Can We Use Economic Tools to Deal with Environmental Problems?

Concept 23-3:
 We can use resources more sustainably by including the harmful environmental and health costs of producing goods and services in their market prices (full-cost pricing);  by subsidizing environmentally beneficial goods and services;  and by taxing pollution and waste instead of wages and profits.

Section 4:  How Can Reducing Poverty Help Us to Deal with Environmental Problems?

Concept 23-4:
 Reducing poverty can help us to reduce population growth, resource use, and. environmental degradation.


Section 5:  How Can We Make the Transition to More Environmentally Sustainable Economies?

Concept 23-5:
 We can use the principles of sustainability, as well as various economic and environmental strategies, to develop more environmentally sustainable economies.


Files:
APES Ch. 23 Presentation
File Size: 3622 kb
File Type: pptx
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APES Ch. 23 Glossary
File Size: 14 kb
File Type: docx
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Key Terms:
  • cost-benefit analysis
  • discount rate
  • economic development
  • economic growth
  • economic system
  • economics
  • economy
  • external cost
  • full-cost pricing
  • genuine progress indicator (GPI)
  • greenwashing
  • gross domestic product (GDP)
  • high-throughput economy​
  • high-waste economy
  • human capital
  • human resources
  • internal cost
  • low-throughput economy
  • manufactured capital
  • manufactured resources
  • matter-recycling-and-reuse-economy
  • natural capital
  • per capita GDP
  • perverse subsidy
  • poverty
  • subsidy
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