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    • Unit 1: Introduction to Environmental Science >
      • Chapter 1: Science and the Environment >
        • Section 1: Understanding Our Environment
        • Section 2: The Environment and Society
      • Chapter 2: Tools of Environmental Science >
        • Section 1: Scientific Methods
        • Section 2: Statistics and Models
        • Section 3: Making Informed Decisions
      • Chapter 3: The Dynamic Earth >
        • Section 1: The Geosphere
        • Section 2: The Atmosphere
        • Section 3: The Hydrosphere and Biosphere
    • Unit 2: Ecology >
      • Chapter 4: The Organization of Life >
        • Section 1: Ecosystems: Everything is Connected
        • Section 2: Evolution
        • Section 3: The Diversity of Living Things
      • Chapter 5: How Ecosystems Work >
        • Section 1: Energy Flow in Ecosystems
        • Section 2: The Cycling of Materials
        • Section 3: How Ecosystems Change
      • Chapter 6: Biomes >
        • Section 1: What is a Biome?
        • Section 2: Forest Biomes
        • Section 3: Grassland, Desert, and Tundra Biomes
      • Chapter 7: Aquatic Ecosystems >
        • Section 1: Freshwater Ecosystems
        • Section 2: Marine Ecosystems
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      • Chapter 8: Understanding Populations >
        • Section 1: How Populations Change in Size
        • Section 2: How Species Interact with Each Other
      • Chapter 9: The Human Population >
        • Section 1: Studying Human Populations
        • Section 2: Changing Population Trends
      • Chapter 10: Biodiversity >
        • Section 1: What is Biodiversity?
        • Section 2: Biodiversity at Risk
        • Section 3: The Future of Biodiversity
    • Unit 4: Water, Air, and Land >
      • Chapter 11: Water >
        • Section 1: Water Resources
        • Section 2: Water Use and Management
        • Section 3: Water Pollution
      • Chapter 12: Air >
        • Section 1: What Causes Air Pollution?
        • Section 2: Air, Noise, and Light Pollution
        • Section 3: Acid Precipitation
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        • Section 1: Climate and Climate Change
        • Section 2: The Ozone Shield
        • Section 3: Global Warming
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        • Section 1: How We Use Land
        • Section 2: Urban Land Use
        • Section 3: Land Management and Conservation
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        • Section 1: Feeding the World
        • Section 2: Crops and Soil
        • Section 3: Animals and Agriculture
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      • Chapter 16: Mining and Mineral Resources >
        • Section 1: Minerals and Mineral Resources
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        • Section 3: Mining Regulations and Mine Reclamation
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        • Section 1: Energy Resources and Fossil Fuels
        • Section 2: Nuclear Energy
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        • Section 1: Renewable Energy Today
        • Section 2: Alternative Energy and Conservation
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        • Section 1: Solid Waste
        • Section 2: Reducing Solid Waste
        • Section 3: Hazardous Wastes
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      • Chapter 20: The Environment and Human Health >
        • Section 1: Pollution and Human Health
        • Section 2: Biological Hazards
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        • Section 1: Economics and International Cooperation
        • Section 2: Environmental Policies in the United States
        • Section 3: The Importance of the Individual
  • AP Environmental Science
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    • Unit I: Humans and Sustainability: An Overview >
      • Chapter 1: Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability
    • Unit II: Science, Ecological Principles, and Sustainability >
      • Chapter 2: Science, Matter, Energy, and Systems
      • Chapter 3: Ecosystems: What are They and How Do They Work?
      • Chapter 4: Biodiversity and Evolution
      • Chapter 5: Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control
      • Chapter 6: The Human Population and Its Impact
      • Chapter 7: Climate and Biodiversity
      • Chapter 8: Aquatic Biodiversity
    • Unit III: Sustaining Biodiversity >
      • Chapter 9: Sustaining Biodiversity: Saving Species and Ecosystem Services
      • Chapter 10: Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: Saving Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services
      • Chapter 11: Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
    • Unit IV: Sustaining Natural Resources >
      • Chapter 12: Food Production and the Environment
      • Chapter 13: Water Resources
      • Chapter 14: Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
      • Chapter 15: Nonrenewable Energy
      • Chapter 16: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
    • Unit V: Sustaining Environmental Quality >
      • Chapter 17: Environmental Hazards and Human Health
      • Chapter 18: Air Pollution
      • Chapter 19: Climate Disruption
      • Chapter 20: Water Pollution
      • Chapter 21: Solid and Hazardous Waste
      • Chapter 22: Urbanization and Sustainability
    • Unit VI: Sustaining Human Societies >
      • Chapter 23: Economics, Environment, and Sustainability
      • Chapter 24: Politics, Environment, and Sustainability
      • Chapter 25: Environmental Worldviews, Ethics, and Sustainability
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Chapter 11:  Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services


Section 1:  What Are the Major Threats to Aquatic Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services?

​Concept 11-1:  Aquatic species and the ecosystem and economic services they provide are threatened by habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, climate change, and overexploitation, all made worse by the growth of the human population and resource use.

Section 2:  How Can We Protect and Sustain Marine Biodiversity?

Concept 11-2:  We can help to sustain marine biodiversity by using laws and economic incentives to protect species, setting aside marine reserves to protect ecosystems and ecosystem services, and using community-based integrated coastal management.

Section 3:  How should We Manage and Sustain Marine Fisheries?

Concept 11-3:  
Sustaining marine fisheries will require improved monitoring of fish and shellfish populations, cooperative fisheries management among communities and nations, reduction of fishing subsidies, and careful consumer choices in buying seafood.
Section 4:  How Should We Protect and Sustain Wetlands?

​Concept 11-4:
 We can maintain the ecosystem and economic services of wetlands by protecting remaining wetlands and restoring degraded wetlands.


Section 5:  How Should We Protect and Sustain Freshwater Lakes, Rivers, and Fisheries?

Concept 11-5:
 Freshwater ecosystems are strongly affected by human activities on adjacent lands, and protection of these ecosystems must include protection of their watersheds.


Section 6:  What Should Be our Priorities for Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity?

Concept 11-6:  Sustaining the world's aquatic biodiversity requires mapping it, protecting aquatic hotspots, creating large and fully protected marine reserves, protecting freshwater ecosystems, and restoring degraded coastal and inland wetlands.

Files:
APES Ch. 11 Presentation
File Size: 5878 kb
File Type: pptx
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APES Ch. 11 Glossary
File Size: 12 kb
File Type: docx
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APES Ch. 11 Notes
File Size: 29 kb
File Type: docx
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Key Terms:
  • commercial extinction
  • drift-net fishing
  • fishery
  • fishprint
  • maximum sustainable yield
  • ocean acidification
  • overfishing
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